Perspective Point One

What Is Mean The Perspective?

It is point is the place where receding lines converge.Think of a road disappearing in the distance.The sides of the road seem to meet at the Vanishing Point .

The Horizon Line:

The red line is the Horizon Line. It represents the viewer's eye level. You can see the top of an object if it is below eye level, below the Horizon Line. If an object is above eye level, above the Horizon Line, you can not see its top.

Line:

The Horizon Line is the place where the ground and the sky appear to meet. It is also your eye level .

Above The Horizon Line:

The top side of this large file cabinet is not visible. It is above the Horizon Line. If the top side of an object is above the Horizon Line (above your eye level), you can not see it.

What's Up?

The red TV is above the Horizon Line. See the bottom of the red TV .

The blue TV is below the Horizon Line. See the top of the blue TV .

The Vanishing Point:

The Horizon Line is the place where the ground and the sky seem to meet (red line). In one-point perspective the Vanishing Point, represented as a magenta dot in this picture, is always on the Horizon Line. As things get closer to the Vanishing Point they get smaller and smaller until they appear to vanish .

Left & Right Side of The Vanishing Point:

The blue file cabinet is on the right side of the vanishing point; therefore we see the left side of the blue file cabinet. The right side of the blue file cabinet is hidden from our view. Is the right side of the grey file cabinet hidden? Why or why not? Why are the tops of both file cabinets hidden?

TURN LEFT, RIGHT?

The blue TV is on the left side of the vanishing point. That's why you can see the right side of the TV .

The red TV is on the right side of the vanishing point. That's why you can see the left side of the TV .

Context and Perspective :

Look at the TVs in relation to the room they are in. Two of the TVs are drawn incorrectly. The front of all of the TVs face forward and are drawn correctly. Look at the sides, tops and bottoms of the TVs to find the ones that are drawn incorrectly. Why do they look wrong?

MTV? (Moose TV):

The center TVs look three-dimensional but do not look like they are on the floor or hanging from the ceiling. The lines from the vanishing point meet the TVs drawn correctly.

Orthogonals :

The light blue lines that meet at the vanishing point are called orthogonals. They represent receding parallel lines. The rails and the outside edges of the road are examples of orthogonals. The yellow line in the center of the road is also an orthogonal. What other kinds of lines are in this drawing?

Orthogonal Who?

Orthogonal lines meet at the Vanishing Point. Notice how the space between the orthogonals gets smaller as you get closer to the Vanishing Point.

Horizontal Lines ;

The Horizon Line is horizontal, it goes from left to right and is parallel to the bottom edge of the picture. Like orthogonal lines, it is another kind of line that makes up a one-point perspective drawing. What is a third kind of line used in one-point perspective drawings?

Horizontal Lines are parallel to the Horizon Line. Think of a line that goes across your page from left to right. A shelf is horizontal .

Vertical Lines :

Vertical lines go from the top of the page to bottom of the page and are perpendicular to the bottom edge of the picture. Along with orthogonal and horizontal lines they make up a one-point perspective drawing .

NOW.......

You have completed the introduction to one-point perspective. Tools, the next section, reviews drawing tools that will help you make  one-point perspective drawing.

Drawing Tools :

You will need:

1. A drawing board or smooth flat surface.

2. A ruler that is long enough to go from one corner of your paper to the other.

3. A large  45, 45, 90 degree triangle and/or aT- square.

If you know how to use a triangle and a T-square click on Getting Started. If not, click on Next orTriangle or T-Square.

Getting Started :

In addition to the 45, 45, 90 degree triangle, t-square, ruler and flat drawing surface mentioned in the Toolssection, you will need:

1. Drawing paper - a good size to start with is 12 inches wide by 8 or 9 inches high. Letter size paper (8 1/2 by 11) will also do.

2. A 2B, HB, 2H or 4H drawing pencil or regular No. 2 . Avoid using soft pencils like a 3B, 4B, 5B. They will cause your drawing to smudge.

3. An eraser.

4. Masking tape, if you are using a t-square. usiV o t H 4 like a 3B, 4B, 5B. They will cause your drawing to smudge.

3. An eraser.

4. Masking tape, if you are using a t-square.

Triangle :

The 45, 45, 90 degree triangle is my favorite one-point perspective drawing tool. The 90 degree or right angle sides of the triangle are for drawing horizontal and vertical lines. The corner of the triangle in the lower right-hand corner of the page is the 90 degree or right angle side of the triangle.

Corners :

90 degrees, right angle and perpendicular all refer to what happens when a horizontal and vertical line meet. It looks like a corner. There are seven red corners in the picture on the right. All of the red corners show lines that meet at 90 degrees or right angles. The corners are made up of two perpendicular lines.

Perpendicular Lines :

Placing one of the right angle sides of a triangle on the bottom (shown on right) or top of a page will help you make a line that is perpendicular to the bottom of the page. You must make sure that the edge of the triangle is on the edge of the page. Why?

Parallel Lines :

A triangle can help you draw horizontal lines that are parallel to the bottom of the picture. See how the triangle is placed in the drawing on the right. Placing one of the triangle's right angle sides against the side of the page lets you use the other right angle side to draw a line parallel to the bottom of the picture.

T-Square :

The grey T-Square looks like the letter T. Notice that the top of the t-square is horizontal and the long part is vertical. In order to use the t-square correctly you need to tape your paper to a drawing board, making sure that the edges of the paper are paralel to the edges of the drawing board. Then, by sliding the t-square along the side of the drawing board you can draw parallel or perpendicular lines.

Drawing Vertical Lines with a T-Square :

This illustration shows you how to draw a vertical line, a line perpendicular to the bottom of the page, using a t-square. Notice that the top of the t-square is resting on the edge of the drawing board. Also, notice that the vertical edge of the paper is parallel to the vertical edge of the t-square. This insures that the line you draw will be perpendicular to the bottom of the page.

Drawing Horizontal Lines with a T-Square :

This illustration shows you how to draw a horizontal line, a line parallel to the bottom of the page, using a t-square. Notice that the top of the t-square is resting on the side edge of the drawing board. Also, notice that the horizontal edges of the paper (top and bottom) are parallel to the horizontal edges of the t-square. This insures that the line you draw will be parallel to the bottom of the page.

X Marks the Vanishing Point :

The lines that make the x are called orthogonals. To draw them place a long ruler from one corner of the page to the opposite corner. Draw your first line and then move your ruler to draw the second line. The lines meet in the center of the page. This is the Vanishing Point.

Starting the Room :

To draw a room start with a vertical line to show where the back wall begins and the right side wall ends. If the line is closer to the vanishing point the room will appear deeper than if the line is closer to the edge of the paper.

starting the Room :

The next line starts at the bottom of the vertical line and is parallel to the bottom of the picture. This line marks the place where the floor ends and the back wall begins.

Starting the Room :

The next line starts on the left side of the horizontal line that shows where the wall and floor meet. This vertical lne shows where the left side wall and back wall meet. It is parallel to the first vertical line.

Starting the Room :

The last line is a horizontal line that connects the vertical line on the right side of the back wall with the vertical line on the left side of the back wall. This line shows where the back wall and ceiling meet.

The Room :

The room is now complete. The white area is the ceiling and the green area is the floor. The light blue areas are the side and back walls. Notice that the top and bottom of the side walls are orthogonals and the back wall is a rectangle.

Drawing a Door in One-Point Perspective :


The animation on the right shows how to draw a door in one-point perspective?

The first line that you will need to draw is a vertical line that starts at the floor and, since it is a door, goes almost to the ceiling. It is best to start with the side of the door that is near to you and near to the edge of the paper.

Next is the orthogonal line that starts at the top of the vertical line from the last screen and goes to the vanishing point. This line shows where the top of the door will be. Notice how the space between this line and the line showing the bottom of the wall appears to get smaller as we move closer to the vanishing point. 

The vertical line that shows the side of the door closest to the vanishing point is next. If you wanted the door to be wider you could draw a vertical line that is closer to the vanishing point. How could you make the door look less wide?

Erasing the part of the orthogonal that is not the top of the door is the next step. You can also add a door knob. Look at the height of the door and use that to help you decide where the door knob should be located.

If you would like to add a molding around the side of your door simply follow the steps used to make the door. The only difference is that the lines are drawn around the outside of the door. Be sure to make the side of the molding that is closer to the vanishing point less wide than the side of the molding closer to you. Why?

Some doors have small windows. Drawing a window is like drawing a door except most windows are not as tall as doors and windows usually do not go to the floor. Drawing a windowin one-point perspective is next.

Drawing a Window in One-Point Perspective :

The animation on the right shows how to draw a window in one-point perspective?

It is best to start a window by first drawing the vertical line that shows the near side of the window. This vertical line will set the height of the window. The bottom of the line will be the bottom of the window and the top of the line will be the top of the window.

The next step is to add the orthogonals. These two lines go from the ends of the vertical line to the vanishing point and show the top and bottom of the window. Notice how the height of the window appears to get smaller as it gets closer to the vanishing point.

Notice how the window gets wider as the vertical line that shows the far side of the window gets closer to the vanishing point. When the second vertical line is close to the first, the window appears narrow.

To find the center of the window draw diagonal lines from one corner of the window to the opposite corner as shown on the right. This will help determine where the line is that separates the top and bottom windows.

The orthogonal line between the top and bottom of the window shows the middle of the window. To draw this line use the vanishing point and the center of the X that shows the middle of the window. Notice the vertical line that starts at the center of the X and goes to the top of the window.

When the orthogonals and the X lines are erased we have a basic window drawn in one-point perspective.

Just as a molding was added to the door, you can add a molding to your window. Simply follow the steps used to make this window, but draw your lines just outside of the window. 

Drawing a Rug in One-Point Perspective :

 how to draw a rug in one-point perspective.A rug is unlike the dooror window drawn in the previous sections because it is drawn on the floor, not the wall. Therefore, to start the rug it is best to draw a horizontal line on the floor that shows the side of the rug closest to you. Remember that the door and window were started with vertical lines on the wall.

The orthogonals show where the sides of the rug are. They start at the ends of the horizontal line that is the front of the rug. If we wanted a narrower rug, we should have started with a shorter horizontal line.

The horizontal line close to the back wall is the end of the rug. You can make a smaller rug by drawing a horizontal line closer to the front of the rug. The lines showing the front and back of the rug are parallel.

When the orthogonals are erased the rug is complete. How would you find the center of the rug? Remember how we found the center of the window?

The animation on the right shows how you could make a smaller rug by moving the orthogonals closer to the center of the front of the rug.

Drawing a Skylight in One-Point Perspective :

The animation on the right shows how to draw a skylight in one-point perspective. A skylight is started the same way as a rug is, with a horizontal line showing the side closest to you. Since the skylight is on the ceiling, the horizontal line is drawn on the ceiling.

The next step is to draw the two orthogonals that show the left and right sides of the skylight .

We now have the front and two sides of the skylight. We need the line that shows the back of the skylight. That line is a horizontal line that is parallel to the line that shows the front of the skylight.

When the parts of the orthogonals that are not the skylight are erased the drawing looks a little like a rectangular light fixture or even a rug on the ceiling.

We can make the skylight look more realistic by showing the depth of the ceiling.We do this by drawing two vertical lines of equal height in each of the far corners of the skylight. It almost looks like the start of a step.

The next horizontal line completes the inside back wall of the skylight. This line shows the part of the skylight that meets the roof. It is directly above the line that shows the back of the skylight; it is also parallel to it.

Once the back of the inside of the skylight is drawn, the inside sides of the skylight can be drawn too. Orthogonals from the two back corners are drawn to show the inside sides of the skylight. This gives the skylight added depth.

Notice how the skylight is different from the door, window and rug. It has more depth. You can see the width of the ceiling. Drawing the vertical lines from the back corners of the skylight made a big difference. If you draw the skylight on paper turn the paper upside down. What does it look like? Try turning the paper so that the skyligth is on the side.

Drawing a Wood Floor in One-Point Perspective :

The animation on the right shows how to draw a wood floor in one-point perspective?

The seven points on the line that shows where the floor and back wall meet are equally spaced (use a ruler to do this). This insures that the floor boards will be of equal width.

The orthogonal drawn through the first point shows where the first board is. Think of the vanishing point as the sun and the orthogonals are like the sun's rays.

The second orthogonal goes through the second point. The wood floor now has two boards. Notice how the boards are wider at the closer end and get narrower as they get nearer to the vanishing point.

The wood floor is now complete. The boards get wider as they get closer to the viewer and narrower as they get closer to the vanishing point. How would you make a wood floor with boards of unequal width?

Drawing a Tile Ceiling in One-Point Perspective :

 how to draw a tile ceiling in one-point perspective. The tile ceiling starts just like the wood floor, with equally spaced points marked off with the help of a ruler. The difference is that the red points are on the line that shows the place where the back wall and ceiling meet.

Once again, just like thewood floor, orthogonals are drawn from the vanishing point that look like rays from the sun.These orthogonals show where the ceiling tiles will be.

The diagonal red line goes across the orthogonals. It starts at one corner of the ceiling and goes to the opposite corner. This line, which will be erased later, will help us draw the tiles. Notice that the parts of the orthogonals that were on the back wall have been erased.

To get the first row of tiles we draw a horizontal line across the top of the ceiling where the red line intersects the red orthogonal. Notice that the diagonal red line intersects all of the orthogonals on the ceiling.

The red orthogonal and red diagonal lines intersect (meet) where the next horizontal line is drawn. This line shows another row of tiles. Which row of tiles looks bigger, the first or the second? Why?

A horizontal line is drawn at every place that the diagonal line intersects with an orthogonal. What happens to the rows of tiles as we get closer to the vanishing point?

The ceiling is completed when the diagonal line is erased. How would you make a tile floor? Could you also draw tiles on the side walls using this method? If you draw the tile ceiling on a paper rotate the paper and see what happens.

Drawing a TV in One-Point Perspective :

 how to draw a TV in one-point perspective?

 The TV will be up against the wall and on the floor. Therefore to start the drawing a vertical line should be drawn where the floor and wall meet. A horizontal line starts at the bottom of the vertical line and goes into the room. These lines show how high and deep the TV will be.

The small rectangle on the left side of the drawing shows the near side of the TV. A horizontal line was added to show the top of the TV and a vertical line was added to show the front of the TV. The vertical lines show the height of the TV and the horizontal lines show the TV's depth.

Once the side of the TV nearest the viewer is drawn orthogonals from the side to the vanishing point are drawn. These three orthogonals show where the front and top of the TV will be.

The red vertical line between the two orthogonals shows where the front of the TV ends. Notice that the red line is vertical. Also, it is parallel to the vertical lines that were first drawn to show the height of the TV.

The red horizontal line shows where the top of the TV ends. It is parallel to the black horizontal line that shows the other side of the top of the TV. Notice that the two red lines are drawn between the orthogonals.

When the orthogonals that are not part of the TV are erased we get a TV that looks like a box. In fact, it could be a speaker, desk, package or cabinet with some additions. Think about what you might add to make it look like something else. What does it need to look like a TV?

To make the box look more like a TV add an orthogonal line that shows where the bottom of the TV screen will be.

MTV, Moose TV, all moose all the time. When the part of the orthogonal that is not part of the TV is erased we have a line that shows the bottom of the TV screen. If you wanted to draw a VCR you could make a smaller box on top of the TV.

Drawing a Bed in One-Point Perspective :

how to draw a bed in one-point perspective? 

The red lines show the height and width of the bed. The vertical red line shows the side of the bed against the wall. The horizontal red line shows the bottom of the bed on the floor. The bed would be higher if the vertical line were higher. The bed would be wider if the horizontal line were extended into the room.

A vertical line is added to show the side of the bed that is not against the wall and a horizontal line is added to show the top of the bed. We now have a rectangle that is the side of the bed closest to the viewer.

The orthogonal lines that go from the side of the bed, the rectangle, to the vanishing point show where the top and side of the bed will be .

The vertical red line between the orthogonals shows where the side of the bed ends. If you wanted to make the bed shorter, you would place the vertical line closer to the viewer, the front side of the bed. The bed could not be any longer because it is already up against the back wall.

The horizontal red line shows where the top of the bed ends. It meets the vertical red line at a right angle. Both red lines show that the bed ends right up against the back wall. If the red lines where any closer to the vanishing point, the bed would look as though it went into the back wall.

When the orthogonals that are not part of the bed are erased the bed is complete. Now you can add blankets and pillows. You may want to try to make a bunk bed by adding a second bed over the first.

Drawing a Table In One-Point Perspective:

 how to draw a table in one-point perspective?

This table, just like the rug, starts with a horizontal line in the middle of the floor. The horizontal line shows the edge of the top of the table closest to the viewer.

The sides of the top of the table are orthogonal lines that go from the ends of the horizontal line to the vanishing point.

The back of the table, like the back of a rug, is a horizontal line drawn between the two orthogonals that show the side of the table. It looks just like a small rug.

The vertical lines on the ends of the top of the table near the viewer are the start of the legs of the table. The longer the vertical lines the higher the table. Is this going to be a dinner table? Why?

The two short horzontal lines near the bottom of the page show where one end of the table touches the ground. The longer the lines the wider the table's legs. We do not see the table's back legs because they are hidden by the top of the table. How would they be different from the front legs?

The vertical lines from the bottom of the table leg, where it touches the ground, to the top of the table completes the front of each table leg. The legs look like rectangles now. We would add depth to them soon.

We will add depth to the table's legs after we draw a horizontal line that shows the edge of the table. That line is between the table's legs and is parallel to the top of the table. Once drawn, you see that the table has an edge.

The table's legs are completed by an orthogonal that starts on the inside corner of a leg and goes to the vanishing point. This orthogonal would also show where the back legs, if they were drawn, would end. If this table were higher we would see the ack legs.

When the orthogonals that are not part of the table are erased the table is completed.If you drew the table rotate the paper ad see what it looks like if the table is on the wall or ceiling. Try putting a TV on the table. Try starting a table that is higher or is on one side of the room. You can also try drawing a table by starting with the legs.

I hope you learn something about how to do Perspective Point One ... wait for the next topic.....